Starter en informasjons- og nyhetstråd om russiske radarsystemer og radarstasjoner. Alt fra åpne kilder som Wikipedia, nyhetsartikler og analyser. Både som følge av økt opprusting ifm konflikten i Ukraina, NATOs rakettskjold som russerne syntes er en svært dårlig ide, og russernes påfølgende modernisering og utrulling av ulike EW (eary warning) systemer samt pga den generelt økte spenningen mellom Vesten og Russland de siste par årene.

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Generell oversikt
Organisering

1. Forsvarsdepartementet, Aerospace Defence Forces
2. Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning


Foto: Ministry of Defence

1. Forsvarsdepartementet, Aerospace Defence Forces

Russiske Forsvarsdepartementet har organisert overvåkning av russisk luftrom under enheten "Aerospace Defence Forces".

Forsvarsdepartementet beskriver virksomheten som følger
Link: hjemmeside

The Aerospace Defence Forces (Russian abb. VKO) is principally new branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, designed and responsible for air and space defence. The Aerospace Defence Forces has a wide range of functions and the most important among them are the following ones:

• Providing Command Authorities with highly accurate information on detection of BM launches and prevention of missile attacks;
• Destruction of the BM warheads of the conditional enemy in case of crucial governmental facilities being attacked;
• Defence of the Major Command control stations and governmental facilities, armed formations, the most important industrial and economic centres and other installations against enemy’s joint air- and space-based strike weapons (Russian abb. SVKN) in the zone of probable damage;
• Monitoring space objects and identification of potential threats to the Russian Federation in space and from space, prevention of attacks as needed.
• Carrying out spacecraft launches and placing into orbit, controlling satellite systems, including Integrated ones (intended to be used for both military and civilian purposes) in flight, and using separate ones towards providing the Russian Federation Armed Forces with the necessary information;
• Maintaining both military and integrated satellite systems with launching installations and assets of control in the workable order, and a number of other tasks.

Wikipedia:
Kilde: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia...Defence_Forces

The Aerospace Defence Forces VKO/BKO is the branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation responsible for air and missile defence, and the operation of Russian military satellites and the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. Although it is officially translated as aerospace in English it covers both attacks from the air and from (outer)space, and some Russian writers translate it as "air and space" instead.

Organisation
The new service consists of the Air and Space Defence Command; and the Space Command. The structure is as follows:

• Space Command It is led by Oleg Maydanovich, former head of the Titov Centre.

• • 153rd Main Trial Centre for Testing and Control of Space Means named after G.S. Titov at Krasnoznamensk
  • 820th Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning (SPRN) in Solnechnogorsk
  • 821st Main Space Surveillance Centre (SKKP) in Noginsk-9, Moscow Oblast.
    • Dunay-3U radar
    • Krona space object recognition station, Zelenchukskaya, Karachay-Cherkessia
    • Krona-N, Nakhodka, Primorsky Krai
    • Moment space surveillance complex, movable
    • Okno, Tajikistan
    • Okno-S, Primorsky Krai
    
    
  
  

• Air and Space Defence Command It is headed up by Sergey Popov.
  • 9th Missile Defence Division (A-135 anti-ballistic missile system) in Pushkino
  • 4th Missile Defence Brigade in Dolgoprudny
  • 5th Missile Defence Brigade in Vidnoye
  • 6th Missile Defence Brigade in Rzhev
  
  

• State Testing Plesetsk Cosmodrome
  • Kura Test Range
  
  

In early March 2014, spokesman of the forces said the aerospace defences will include a space- and ground-based intelligence-gathering and missile early warning network, an air and space defence command, a VKO command-and-control structure, and a logistics support branch.

The Aerospace Defence Forces are located across Russia and have bases in some Commonwealth of Independent States countries such as early warning radars in Azerbaijan (until December 2012), Kazakhstan and Belarus, and the Okno facility in Tajikistan.

Facilities Early warning of missile attack:
Voronezh radar at Lekhtusi, Armavir, Kaliningrad, Mileshevka, Yeniseysk, Barnaul
Daryal radar at Pechora
Volga radar at Hantsavichy
Dnepr radar at Balkhash, Irkutsk and Olenegorsk
Oko early warning satellites

Missile defence:
A-135 anti-ballistic missile system
Don-2N radar

Se også:
Category:Russian and Soviet military radars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catego...ilitary_radars

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2. Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning

Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning
Kilde: Wikipedia - se lenke for en rekke linker.

The 820th Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning is the Russian early warning network against ballistic missile attack. It has headquarters in the village of Timonovo near Solnechnogorsk outside Moscow and is part of the Space Command of the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces. The centre consists of a network of early warning radar stations which transmit their data to the control centre near Solnechnogorsk. Other information comes from the early warning Oko satellites and the Don-2N missile defence radar. Information from the centre could be used for a launch on warning nuclear missile attack or to engage the A-135 anti-ballistic missile system.

The Main Centre
The centre is the control centre for the radar network. Here signals from every station are received and, if necessary, a message can be sent to the presidential 'nuclear briefcase' for authorisation to use nuclear weapons. There is a communications centre which has a number of backup channels to communicate with each radar station. If a ballistic missile attack is discovered the duty commander reports this to the central command post of the General Staff. At the same time the duty engineer reports it to the commander of the Aerospace Defence Forces, for redundancy. Information comes from the radar network, early warning satellites and the space surveillance network SKKP. The centre also discovers and monitors space objects through the use of radar which are fed into the SKKP network.

Warning network

The Russian missile warning system originates in the Soviet Union and is often known by its Soviet initials SPRN (СПРН), roughly 'system for the prevention of rocket attack'. It started on 15 February 1971 as two Dnestr-M radars at Olenegorsk and Skrunda with a command post in Solnechnogorsk. It expanded by the addition of Dnestr-M radars in Mishelevka and Balkhash in 1973, a Dnepr radar in Sevastopol in 1975 and another in Mukachevo in 1977. The Daugava radar, a Daryal receiver, started operations in 1975 at Olenegorsk. In 1978 an upgraded warning system called Крокус (Krokus) was introduced.

In 1982 the Oko early warning satellite system became operational. It was joined in 1984 by the first Daryal radar in Pechora and in 1985 by the Daryal in Gabala.

The 1972 Anti-ballistic missile treaty requires that early warning radar stations are located on the periphery of national territory and face outwards. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 this resulted in many of the stations ending up in newly independent states. The radar station at Skrunda, now in Latvia, closed in 1998. Other stations now overseas were Sevastopol and Mukachevo (both in Ukraine), Balkhash (Kazakhstan) and Gabala (Azerbaijan).

The Volga radar at Baranavichy in Belarus came online in 2003 and the two Ukrainian radars closed in 2009. In the mid-2000s Russia started the roll out of the next generation of early warning radar, the Voronezh. The first station in Lekhtusi near St Petersburg went on combat duty in 2012. Other stations in Kaliningrad and Armavir are in various stages of testing. The Russian military has expressed a desire to replace or replicate all overseas radars with domestic stations as overseas ones cannot be relied upon in times of tension and war. New stations are planned in locations such as Barnaul, Omsk, Orenburg and Yeniseysk.

Organisational structure
In 1998 SPRN became part of the missile and space defence organisation (RKO) together with SKKP and the anti-missile troops. In 2001 these services became part of the newly founded Space Troops, and were incorporated as the 3rd Independent Missile and Space Defense Army. The Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning was formed on 1 December 2009 and since December 2011 it has been part of the Space Command of the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces, together with facilities such as the 821st Main Space Intelligence Centre and 153rd Titov Main Space Testing Centre.

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Radars

As of January 2015, the land-based component of the early-warning system included the following radars:

In addition to the dedicated early-warning radars, the Don-2N radar of the Moscow missile defense system and the Dunay-3U radar near Chekhov are also used for early-warning and space surveillance.
You could download a Google Earth file with radar locations

Early-warning satellites

As of February 2015, Russia had no operational early-warning satellites. Two last satellites on the highly-elliptical orbit--Cosmos-2422 (HEO, launched 21 July 2006, NORAD catalog number 29260) and Cosmos-2446 (HEO, 2 December 2008, 33447) -- stopped operations in the fall of 2014. These were first-generation satellites of the 73D6 type that were built for the US-KS system (also known as Oko). This system was designed to detect launches of ballistic missiles from the U.S. territory and cannot detect missiles launched from sea or other regions. The last geostationary satellite of the US-KMO system, Cosmos-2479 (GEO, 30 March 2012, 38101), stopped operations in April 2014. The early-warning satellites were transmittin information in real time to the Western command centers at Serpukhov-15 (near Kurilovo, Kaluga oblast) and Eastern center near Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The information is processed there and transmitted to the command center in Solnechnogorsk.

Kilde: http://russianforces.org/sprn/

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Lekthusi Space Forces Center and training unit

Voronezh radar

Voronezh radars are the current generation of Russian early-warning radar, providing long distance monitoring of airspace against ballistic missile attack. The first radar, in Lekhtusi near St Petersburg, became operational in 2009. There is a plan to replace older radars with the Voronezh by 2020. The Voronezh radars are described as highly prefabricated meaning that they have a set up time of months rather than years and need fewer personnel than previous generations. They are also modular so that a radar can be brought into (partial) operation whilst being incomplete.

Russia has used the launch of these new radars to raise its concerns about US missile defence in Europe. At the launch of the Kaliningrad radar in November 2011 Russian President Dmitry Medvedev was quoted as saying "I expect that this step [the launch of the radar] will be seen by our partners as the first signal of our country's readiness to make an adequate response to the threats which the missile shield poses for our strategic nuclear forces."


Kilde: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronezh_radar

Daryal radar in Pechora, Komi Republic, Russia. Daryal radar. Transmitter building left, Receiver right.

Daryal radar

The Daryal-type radar is a Soviet bistatic early-warning radar. It consists of two separate large active phased-array antennas separated by around 500 metres to 1.5 kilometres. The transmitter array is 30x40 m and the receiver is 80x80 m in size. The system is a VHF system operating at a wavelength of 1.5 to 2 meters. Its initial transmit capacity was 50 MW with a target capacity of 350 MW.

The prototype Daryal receiver is called a Daugava (5U83) and works with a Dnestr-M transmitter. It is half the size of the Daryal receivers but has the same equipment and computer systems. The original Daryal (5N79) was improved by revisions Daryal-U (90N6) and Daryal-UM. A Daryal-U had half the transmitters of a Daryal. The Volga radar (70M6) is a Daryal-like radar operating on a decimeter wavelength (UHF) rather than the meter wavelength (VHF) of the Daryal. It was originally planned that there would be a number of these to complement the Daryal. The only Volga built is the one at Baranavichy which originally started in 1982, stopped in the early 1990s, restarted in 1999 and became operational in 2003.

Kilde: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryal_radar


Volga radar at Hantsavichy

Volga radar

The station, classed as a 'Volga' type, is similar to a Daryal radar but operates on the UHF band rather than the VHF of the Daryal. Like the Daryal it has a separate transmitter and receiver stations which in the case of the Volga are 3 kilometre apart. The radar has an Active Electronically Scanned Array, a type of phased array. It continuously radiates such that it is receiving and transmitting at the same time. The array consists of spiral radiators which rotate in different directions in the receiver and transmitter. The transmitter array is 36 by 20 metres and the receiver array is 36 by 36 metres. Both arrays are surrounded by a ferrite frame which absorbs radio waves. The Volga has a range of around 2,000 kilometres.

Kilde: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantsavichy_Radar_Station

Dnestr radar

Dnestr radar and Dnepr radar, both known by the NATO reporting name Hen House are the first generation of Soviet space surveillance and early warning radars. Six radars of this type were built around the periphery of the Soviet Union starting in the 1960s to provide ballistic missile warnings for attacks from different directions. They were the primary Soviet early warning radars for much of the later Cold War. In common with other Soviet and Russian early warning radars they are named after rivers, the Dnestr and the Dnepr. The Dnestr/Dnepr radars were intended to be replaced by the newer Daryal radars starting in the 1990s. Only two of the planned Daryal radars became operational, due to issues such as the dissolution of the Soviet Union. As of 2012, the Russian early warning network still consists of some radars of this vintage. It is likely that all the existing radars will be replaced by the third generation Voronezh radars by 2020.

Kilde: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnestr_radar

Oko

Oko (Russian: Око meaning Eye in old Russian) is a Russian (previously Soviet) missile defence early warning programme consisting of satellites in Molniya and geosynchronous orbits. Oko satellites are used to identify launches of ballistic missiles by detection of their engines' exhaust plume in infrared light, and complement other early warning facilities such as Voronezh, Daryal and Dnepr radars. The information provided by these sensors can be used for the A-135 anti-ballistic missile system which defends Moscow.

Kilde: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko

A-135 anti-ballistic missile system

Fra ausairpower.net:

TheRussian ABM system relies on a wide range of radar systems. Radarsassociated with the ABM system perform two main functions: targetdetection, and target engagement. The overwhelming number of associatedradar sites are of the latter variety; the operational interceptors arecurrently only in place around Moscow, and are all served by the singleDon-2N engagement radar descried previously. All of the radar systemsare interconnected via the command and control network, allowing theBMEW network to pass target data to the ABM system for engagement.Theoretically, an engagement would work as follows:

1. The BMEW network would identify an inbound target.
2. The BMEW site identifying the target passes track data tothe commandand control center which forwards target track data to the Don-2Nengagement radar.
3. 51T6 interceptors are fired at the target, with theintention of prosecuting an exoatmospheric intercept.
4. 53T6 interceptors are used to endoatmospherically engageany targets which may have slipped past the 51T6 salvo.

Kilde: http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-A...mozTocId371125 (svært omfangsrik tråd)

Fra Wikipedia:
A-135 consists of the Don-2N battle management radar and two types of ABM missiles. It gets its data from the wider Russian early warning system which is sent to the command centre which then forwards tracking data to the Don-2N radar.

• The Don-2N radar (NATO: 'Pill Box') is a large battle-management phased-array radar with 360° coverage. Tests were undertaken at the prototype Don-2NP in Sary Shagan in 2007 to upgrade its software.
• 68 launchers of short-range 53T6 (NATO: SH-08 'Gazelle') endoatmospheric interceptor missiles at five launch sites with 12 or 16 missiles each, though designed originally with nuclear warheads. Designed by NPO Novator, similar to US Sprint missile. These are tested roughly annually at the Sary Shagan test site.

Foto: © Valeriy Melnikov - Don-2N

Don-2N radar

The Don-2N radar (NATO: Pill Box) is a large missile defence and early warning passive electronically scanned array radar outside Moscow, and a key part of the Russian A-135 anti-ballistic missile system designed for the defence of the capital against ballistic missiles. Located in the Pushkino district of Moscow it is a quadrangular truncated pyramid 33 metres tall with sides 130 metres long at the bottom, and 90 metres long at the top. Each of its four faces has an 18 metres diameter UHF band radar giving 360 degree coverage. The system is run by an Elbrus-2 supercomputer. Range 3700 km size of target "warheads ICBM".

Kilde: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don-2N_radar

29B6 OTHR "Kontayner"



29B6 Over the Horizon Radar, nicknamed "Kontayner", is a Russian OTH radar that's very active in Europe. The radar uses 150 antenna masts with data transmission systems, transmitters and receivers, a power station and control buildings. It is able to detect both high altitude and low altitude aircraft and missiles at very long ranges. The first 29B6 radar installation is based at Kolkino radar station.

29B6 commonly uses 50 sweeps/sec (max range 3000 km), but it has been seen with 25 sweeps/sec (max range 6000 km) and 100 sweeps/sec (max range 1500 km). 29B6 uses Frequency Modulation On Pulse (FMOP), unique among OTHR's, since they tend to use Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW).

Kilde: http://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/29B6_OTHR_%22Kontayner%22

Video på Youtube
December 3, 2013. TV Zvezda. Russia, Republic of Mordovia. New OTH-Radar 29B6 "Container".


Fra Wikipedia om 29B6:

Container (29B6) radar is the new generation of Russian over-the-horizon radar, providing long distance airspace monitoring and ballistic missile detection. The first radar, near Kovylkino, Mordovia, Russia, became operational in December 2013. Another Container radar is under construction in far east of Russia. Construction planned to be finished in 2018.

Ekstrakilde: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_radar

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